What is the primary reservoir for avian influenza?

The primary reservoir for avian influenza is waterfowl and shorebirds. This is because these species are known to carry various strains of the virus without showing signs of illness, acting as a natural reservoir for the disease. Wild waterfowl, such as ducks and geese, are particularly important in the epidemiology of avian influenza as they can harbor a wide range of influenza A virus subtypes.

The virus can replicate in the intestinal tracts of these birds and can be shed in their droppings, which can spread the virus to other birds and environments. Their migratory patterns can also contribute to the global dissemination of avian influenza strains, affecting both domestic and wild bird populations across different regions.

While domestic chickens, pigeons, and wild turkeys can be susceptible to avian influenza, they are not considered the primary reservoirs since they often develop more severe disease symptoms when infected and do not perpetuate the virus as effectively as waterfowl and shorebirds do. Understanding this reservoir dynamic is crucial for monitoring and controlling avian influenza outbreaks, especially in domestic poultry.